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  • Is God's Omnipotence Dependent Upon the Existence of His Creation?

    This is the eighth in a sporadic series on the Catechetical Lectures of St. Cyril of Jerusalem.  The previous post was Every King is Proclaimed by Soldiers.

    In the middle of an exposition of the nature of Jesus Christ, Cyril makes this statement:

    For so remaining, and holding the dignity of His Sonship in reality unchangeable, He adapts Himself to our infirmities, just as some excellent physician or compassionate teacher; though He is Very Lord, and received not the Lordship by advancement , but has the dignity of His Lordship from nature, and is not called Lord improperly, as we are, but is so in verity, since by the Father’s bidding He is Lord of His own works. For our lordship is over men of equal rights and like passions, nay often over our elders, and often a young master rules over aged servants. But in the case of our Lord Jesus Christ the Lordship is not so: but He is first Maker, then Lord : first He made all things by the Father’s will, then, He is Lord of the things which were made by Him. (X,5)

    Most orthodox Christians would have no trouble with this statement, but, as with many things theological, there is a long story that needs to be told.

    The gospel came into a world which was a) had far looser sexual morality and b) was more sceptical than our “Sunday school” images of it lead us to believe. It’s in that context that the New Testament’s stance on fornication, adultery, divorce and homosexuality needs to be understood. The Christian life challenged the common standards on all of these issues, as it still does.

    With the scepticism, it is the same. Virtually every stand we see today on the origin and course of the universe has some kind of counterpart in the classical world. The fact that same classical world didn’t have the scientific framework to discuss it doesn’t change that fact. One of these issues—and one that is still debated today—is whether the universe is eternal or not, or whether it had a finite starting point, and how it came into existence either way.

    Into this fray stepped the great Egyptian theological Origen, probably the most comprehensive and original thinker that the Roman Empire church produced. He single handedly initiated systematic Bible study and exegesis (Tertullian had done some of this in his Adversus Marcionem, but his aims were narrowly directed against his opponent, not to a general understanding of the Scriptures.) And he tackled the relationship between the Scriptures and the philosophy—in his case Neoplatonic—of his day. Origen’s willingness to venture into uncharted waters got him into serious trouble as Rome passed into Byzantium and the Orthodox world wearied of controversy, but his thinking—which in many cases he himself never considered set in stone, and in his extant later works sometimes retracted—can prove valuable in dealing with the challenges that Christianity faces today.

    In the case of the creation, however, Origen’s thinking—or what we have of it—gets crossed up. Cyril in his passage implies what seems to be obvious, i.e., that without a creation to be Lord over, Jesus Christ was not Lord before he made that creation. Origen took this thought a step further:

    Now as one cannot be a father apart from having a son, nor a lord apart from holding a possession or a slave, so we cannot even call God almighty is there are none over whom he can exercise his power. Accordingly, to prove that God is almighty we must assume the existence of the universe. For if anyone would have it that certain ages, or periods of time, or whatever he cares to call them, elapsed during which the present creation did not exist, he would undoubtedly prove that in those ages or periods God was not almighty, but that he afterwards became almighty from the time when he began to have creatures over whom he could exercise power. Thus God will apparently have experienced a kind of progress, for there can be no doubt that it is better for him to be almighty than not to be so.

    Now how is it anything but absurd that God should at first not possess something that is appropriate to him and then should come to possess it? But if there was no time when he was not almighty, there must always have existed the things in virtue of which he is almighty; and there must always have existed things under his sway, which own him as ruler. (Peri Archon, I, iii, 10)

    Not to be outdone, Tertullian has the same idea:

    We affirm, then, that the name of God always existed with Himself and in Himself—but not eternally so the Lord. Because the condition of the one is not the same as that of the other. God is the designation of the substance itself, that is, of the Divinity; but Lord is (the name) not of substance, but of power. I maintain that the substance existed always with its own name, which is God; the title Lord was afterwards added, as the indication indeed of something accruing. For from the moment when those things began to exist, over which the power of a Lord was to act, God, by the accession of that power, both became Lord and received the name thereof. (Against Hermogenes, 3)

    Origen’s thinking on this subject is subject to several criticisms:

    • He assumes that the creation of the universe requires that God is almighty (omnipotent), which it does not. The act of creation only requires sufficient power to make the universe come into existence, assuming a finite universe.

    • He does not consider the fact that any attribute of God is essential to him because of the nature of his existence. I discuss this issue at length in My Lord and My God, but this is a piece of Aristotelian philosophy what would have held Origen in good stead if he had adopted it. Tertullian for his part confuses the issue by affirming the essential nature of his divinity but denying that his power is likewise essential.
    • Origen does not make recourse to his own idea that the Son and the Spirit are both subordinate to and eternally generated by the Father.

    As an aside, it’s interesting to to note that Origen makes a distinction between possessions and slaves, which is a counter to the usual accusation these days that Christianity blindly went along with slavery in the ancient world.

    Origen is thus forced to accept the eternity of the universe, and thus the co-eternity of the universe with God (which includes all of the souls; he held to the pre-existence of the soul as well.) This he knows will not do:

    I cannot understand how so many distinguished men have supposed it (the universe) be to uncreated, that is, not made by God himself the Creator of all things, but in its nature and power the result of chance. I wonder, too, how such men can find fault with those who deny that God is the Maker of this universe or that he providentially care for it, and can charge them with impiety for believing that so great a work as the world exists without a Maker or Sustainer, when they themselves are guilty of a like impiety in saying that matter is uncreated and co-eternal with the uncreated God. (Peri Archon, II, I,4)

    And Origen is not alone in opposing the eternity of the universe:

    Those who follow the Law of Moses, our Teacher, hold that the whole Universe, i.e., everything except God, has been brought by Him into existence out of non-existence. In the beginning God alone existed, and nothing else; neither angels, nor spheres, nor the things that are contained within the spheres existed. He then produced from nothing all existing things such as they are, by His will and desire…This is our first theory, and it is undoubtedly a fundamental principle of the Law of our teacher Moses; it is next to importance to the principle of God’s unity. Do not follow any other theory. (Moses Maimonides, Guide for the Perplexed, II, xiii)

    Ultimately the eternity of the universe is not related to God’s own eternity, which is a result of his nature. That nature in turn is based on two simple ideas: a) being is fundamental with God, and b) as a result, all of his attributes are essential to his nature. That includes his omnipotence, which does not depend upon the existence of the universe to be a reality.

    The former idea was explained to Moses in the burning bush:

    And Moses said unto God, Behold, when I come unto the children of Israel, and shall say unto them, The God of your fathers hath sent me unto you; and they shall say to me, What is his name? what shall I say unto them? And God said unto Moses, I AM THAT I AM: and he said, Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, I AM hath sent me unto you. And God said moreover unto Moses, Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, The LORD God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, hath sent me unto you: this is my name for ever, and this is my memorial unto all generations. (Exodus 3:13-15)

  • In Death, A Very Political Request

    From not so far from where I live:

    A reader passed along an obituary this week for a man who died last month in Rome, Ga. Donald Unsworth was 78 — husband, father, grandfather, veteran, former police officer, safety director of the Floyd County Police Department and owner of both Rome Driver’s Training School and Carter’s Hardware and Auto Parts. The obituary said Unsworth would “always be remembered for his generosity and his willingness to help needy families and friends,” and suggested donations to the American Cancer Society. Additionally, Unsworth asked to be remembered in two years, requesting that contributions be made in his name to “whoever is running against President Barack Obama in 2012.”

    Yes, he’s that unpopular in these parts.

  • Sarah Palin Visits Palm Beach

    It’s about time:

    Former Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin – mother to Dancing with the Stars contestant Bristol “the Pistol” Palin – is scheduled to appear at a dinner gathering Wednesday at The Breakers.

    Several sources have confirmed that Palin will be there, but it’s all very hush, hush as to what group is bringing her to Palm Beach.

    Now she’s arrived.

  • Democrats Idea of Hope: Downgrading the Storm From Category 5 to 4

    This is really “hope and change”:

    Once-despondent Democrats now believe that they may be able to avert a total midterm wipeout, as several important states now appear to be trending in their direction or growing more competitive.

    The bad news: In a sign of how hostile the election environment remains for the party, the cautious optimism is largely due to the view that the impending political hurricane could be downgraded from category 5 to category 4.

    I should remind everyone that Katrina was a Category 4 when it made landfall.

    The storm surge that hit Mississippi was bad enough.  What really sunk things was when the levees broke and New Orleans filled up like a bathtub.

    That event redefined for everyone the question of whether the glass is half empty or half full.  Irrespective of whether you thought New Orleans was half empty or half full, it was still flooded and still a mess.

  • Book Review: Finding God’s Frequency

    When I came back to the Chattanooga area from Dallas in the late 1970’s, it was something of a culture shock, even though I had lived here before.  (I recently met a young lady who was raised in the Dominican Republic and on Manhattan and came here, I can’t imagine the culture shock for her!)   One thing in particular that was missing was a contemporary Christian radio station; I was spoiled by KPBC in Dallas, even though its playlist wasn’t the “edgiest.”

    Fixing that problem and making it stick is the story of Finding God’s Frequency by Bob Lubell.  Lubell’s own testimony is amazing enough: a product of a Jewish/Norwegian family in Columbus, OH, he got himself into the drug scene (few didn’t in the early 1970’s).  Always with a knack for business, he quickly passed into dealing, and that lead to his arrest.  Facing hard, extended time, he ended up in Christian halfway house, where he ended up accepting Jesus Christ as his Lord and Saviour.

    All the while he was influenced by the rock music around him, first unsaved and then saved.  He ended up playing drums for the World Ministry Singers (yes, Ancient Star-Song fans, their album is reviewed in Ken Scott’s Archivist, although it hasn’t been posted.)  The impact of seeing that influence in his life and of those around him never left Lubell.

    He ended up in this area with his wife Debbie, but the vision of what used to be called “Jesus music” could do in the lives of people never left him.  That vision was a call from God to start a radio station in this area.  Most of Finding God’s Frequency is the story of how that call turned to reality.

    It wasn’t a straightforward business either.  First he connected with business partners that proved to be less than satisfactory.  Then, turning to a more non-profit model, he ran into studied disinterest.  But Lubell pursued the vision.  One of the “breakthrough” moments was meeting the book’s co-author, Dean Arnold.  Arnold is a pioneer in his own right, having started the first electronically delivered news source in the area.  Other than being a great Christian, his other asset from Lubell’s standpoint–and one that Lubell didn’t appreciate up front–is what we would call in politics a “killer Rolodex,” which advanced his fund raising.  All of this and more came to fruition on 5 March 1995, when “J103” went on the air.

    Today J103 is an important part of the Christian community in this area, with its “J-Fest” and other events outside of the station itself.  But Finding God’s Frequency isn’t just about getting the broadcast licence and having a successful radio station; it’s a fast and compelling read about one person’s finding God’s frequency for his own life in coming to Christ, finding the ministry that God had for him and making a difference in the lives of others.

  • Of Course They're Elitists! A Reply to Slate's Jacob Weisberg

    I must weigh in on Jacob Weisberg’s rather strange piece on Republicans using elitist as a pejorative term:

    Palin’s definition says elitists are those who think they’re better than other people—a category in which by Election Day, on the evidence of her autobiography, included many of the people working for her own campaign. Palin is raw with the disrespect she feels and takes offense at being condescended to by people who, she thinks, think they are better than she is. Her anti-elitism takes the part of all Americans who feel similarly snubbed, and not necessarily in the context of politics. This version is a synonym for social snobbery, with the wrinkle that it’s not based on family, ethnicity, or wealth, but rather on the status that in contemporary American society is largely conferred by academic institutions.

    I think–although it’s not entirely clear–that Weisberg is trying to say that elitism is just an epithet and not a reality, or at least a reality shared by both sides.  But, as a bona fide Palm Beach raised elitist snob, I think I can address this issue cogently.

    Weisberg is correct that the definition of who is elite and who isn’t has changed in the last half century or so.  In the old days, we had the WASP old money, with all of the cultural and social mores that went with that (although I’d direct Mr. Weisberg’s attention to pieces such as Best Friends: Jewish Society in Old Palm Beach.)   To some extent I am a representative of that, although things are complicated by all of the Southerners my ancestors married (including my New Orleans native grandmother and heavily Scots-Irish mother.)

    Weisberg’s conclusion from noting this change is that we now have upward mobility, success and power based on merit: “In a meritocratic society, rejection can bring an even worse sting than under an aristocratic or hereditary one, because those who are less successful can’t blame outcomes on the arbitrariness of the system.”  But that’s debatable too, for the following reasons:

    • The shift to dominance of the successful (in government at least) of Ivy Leaguers hasn’t addressed the crying need for more scientifically educated people to direct a nation in a world driven by rapid technological change.  This is not to say that there aren’t excellent schools of science and engineering in the Ivy League (there certainly are) but most of the Ivy Leaguers that end up at the top of our government are lawyers with the occasional B-school interloper like George W. Bush thrown in for fun.  That’s an inheritance of our Anglo-Saxon culture that needs to be changed very badly, but you can be sure that the 1960’s era Luddites on the left will do what they can to block that.
    • It’s not clear that the Ivy League schools are as far ahead of the rest of the pack as everyone thinks they are (Victory at Last: You Learn More Away from Harvard, But…).
    • It can be shown that Ivy League admissions are prejudicial against working and middle class white people (Poor White People and Élite Universities: Beating the Dog in the Water).
    • The whole issue of character is lost in this new “meritocracy” (It’s Not What School You Went To, It’s the Kind of Person You Are).

    Weisberg is correct that Sarah Palin and others feel deep resentment towards this relatively new situation.  But the attitudes that Palin and her supporters feel aren’t as widespread in this country as they used to be.  Barack Obama wasn’t shy about characterising people as bitter, holding to their Bibles and their guns.  There was a time when such attitudes were the kiss of death for a politician.  But Obama’s victory in 2008 was a demonstration that many Americans were no longer averse to being condescended to in this way.  It was in that wake that I changed the slogan of this website, figuring that being an elitist snob was where it was at in this country.

    Unfortunately many Americans, underwater in their mortgages and out of a job, are not as admiring of our elites as they were just a few months ago.  And make no mistake about it, Mr. Weisberg: it’s an elite whose “merits” are being sorely tested in this election cycle.  What we really have in this country isn’t a system based on family or even merit but on credentials, which academic and governmental institutions are masters at handing out.  Such credentialism won’t cut it in the face of our foreign rivals, be they economic, political or religious, or even in the face of our internal folly.

  • It Took a War to Free the Slaves

    How soon we forget:

    “People are frustrated, their anxious, they’re scared about the future. And they have a right to be impatient about the pace of change. I’m impatient,” President Obama said at an event for Gen44. “It took time to free the slaves,” he added.

    Barack Obama has forgotten a simple fact: in this country, it took the War Between the States to free the slaves.  If he is comparing his agenda to ending slavery, he better be prepared to use the might of the United States military to make it happen,  just like his fellow Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, did a century and a half ago.  I may be wrong, but I don’t see Obama having the nerve (to say nothing of the backing of the military) to make that happen.

    He should be forgiven for this: Christian activists have compared the campaign to end abortion in the U.S. with the same ignorance re the need for the military to make it happen and the same lack of invocation for that power.  As I noted in 2007:

    In an earlier piece entitled The Army of Joshua, we contended that, in order to make the Ten Commandments the law of the land, it would take an act of military force, as it had done in ancient Israel.  This is a shocking result, but what’s even more shocking is that, for revivalists of yore, the Army of Joshua was in fact the same army that suffers IED’s in Iraq, and that did Clinton’s will in places such as Bosnia and Kossovo.  Half-cocked militia groups won’t get the job done; not even the Confederate army could resist.

    But there was a downside to all of this.  Finney expressed the following in advance of the great conflagration:

    I believe the time has come–although I am no prophet, I believe it will be found to have come, that the revival in the United States will prevail no further and no faster than the Church takes the right ground on this subject (slavery)…

    What is the condition of the nation?  No doubt God is holding the rod of WAR over the heads of this nation.  He is waiting, before he lets loose his judgments, to see whether the Church will do right.  The nation IS under His displeasure, because the Church has acted in such a manner with respect to revivals.  And now suppose war should come, where would be our revivals?  How quickly would war swallow up the revival spirit.  The spirit of war is anything but the spirit of revival.  (Revivals of Religion, pp. 315-6, 321)

    What Wilberforce did for the slaves was right and needed to be done.  But the American experience is a cautionary note for all those who make “bringing the nation back to God” their top priority, along with the social causes of abortion, etc.  In Finney’s day the Civil War–which accomplished a major objective of the revival–stopped same revival in its tracks, as Finney predicted it would.  The use of the power of the state to accomplish the will of God had a backwash that we still feel today.

  • Abu Daoud Writes the Pope

    And let’s hope His Holiness gets around to reading it:

    The first reform I suggest is regarding Holy Scripture. One of the most recurrent themes in conversion narratives of Muslims is the reading of the Bible. Yet how many hundreds of thousands of emigrants live throughout the West without access to the bible in their own language? What if parishes in areas with significant immigrant populations were told they had to have bibles available in those languages–perhaps Arabic, Urdu, Farsi, Pashto, Turkish, or something else? What if each sleepy Catholic parish became a de facto source of distribution of Scripture? I am not talking about proselytism, or even evangelism.

    This is an excellent piece.  Frankly, having been in the Evangelical world as long as I have, I am shocked at some of the pastoral duff-sitting I’m seeing described in this letter, although experiences teaches me I shouldn’t be.  Hopefully it will have an impact, even if it doesn’t get past the papal staff.

  • We Are Our Own Worst Enemy

    From this fascinating analysis by Walter Russell Mead on China and the U.S.:

    Over the long term, what American policy makers need to remember (and what I fear too many have forgotten in both parties over the last couple of decades) is that America’s international standing and security ultimately depend on health of our domestic economy — and that the economy in turn ultimately depends on the dynamic, self-reliant, entrepreneurial and, yes, virtuous character of the American people.  Unless our educational, cultural and political institutions reflect and support these characteristics, American power could rot away at the core.

    Americans still don’t think in terms of losing to a foreign power.  They shouldn’t.  They should think in terms of losing to their own folly domestically.

    The thing that is the most wrong about the Obama Administration isn’t that it couldn’t wave its hand and get us out of this economic ditch.  It’s its desire to centralise everything in Washington, thus draining the nation’s strength.  With the debt load we have, that process of decline may not be a long one either.

  • The Prosperity of the 1990's May Well Have Been Borrowed

    Let’s start with this statement about the “lost decade” of the 2000’s:

    From 2000 through 2009, the Census Bureau found, the median income (measured in inflation-adjusted dollars) declined by 5 percent for white families, 8 percent for Hispanic families, and more than 11 percent for African-American families. That’s almost unimaginable over an entire decade. From 1991 through 2000 (again in inflation-adjusted dollars) it had risen by 13 percent for whites, 19 percent for Hispanics, and 28 percent for African-Americans.

    Similarly, the total number of Americans in poverty increased by nearly 12 million in the last decade, more than obliterating the 4.1 million reduction during the 1990s. Especially troubling is that the number of poor children jumped by 3.9 million — again, more than erasing the 2.8 million decline during the 1990s.

    Now let’s look at this chart of personal debt from 1948 to more or less now, from here:

    Note the major run-up in the debt from around 1994 to 2002, just after 9/11.  Most of that was in “non-revolving debt,” and that’s mostly real estate related debt.  It’s not a hard conclusion that we basically achieved prosperity by borrowing.

    “Mr. Consumer” has been the driving engine of this economy for a long time.  When he or she is maxed out in their borrowing capacity, the fun stops.  The consumer debt was flat this past decade, which was reflected in the economy’s performance.  The government has tried to take up the slack with its own borrowing, and that process has accelerated from Bush to Obama.  But the government is a less efficient driver of the economy than our debt-obsessed consumers.

    Even with the relatively lax bankruptcy laws we have in the US, people can know when they’ve reached their limit.  Through dollar hegemony and other forms of alchemy, our government can more easily conceal its own long-term profligacy.  I do not think this process can proceed indefinitely.

    I also think that the easily ability to borrow funds–both public and consumer–has injected a hopeless sense of unreality into our population and its expectations.  That even reaches in to the church; the perennial popularity of prosperity teaching may be driven by the availability of easy credit.  The current crash is correcting that, but it’s going to be a long time before sanity is restored.

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